What does the concept of karma refer to in Hindu beliefs?

In Hindu beliefs, karma refers to the moral law of cause and effect, which posits that every action has consequences that shape one's future experiences. This concept emphasizes that good actions lead to positive outcomes, while negative actions result in adverse effects. It underlines the importance of individual responsibility and ethical living, as one's present actions can influence future circumstances, not only in this life but also in subsequent reincarnations. This understanding encourages individuals to act wisely and compassionately, as they are accountable for the impact of their deeds.

The other choices do not accurately represent the definition of karma as understood in Hinduism. Spiritual practices and forms of meditation relate to the paths one may take in their spiritual journey, but they do not define the core principle of karma. Similarly, while social class hierarchy is a significant aspect of the Hindu social structure, it is separate from the moral implications that karma encompasses.